{"id":1138,"date":"2012-10-10T10:46:11","date_gmt":"2012-10-10T10:46:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ealc.info\/de\/?p=1138"},"modified":"2021-06-14T06:23:49","modified_gmt":"2021-06-14T06:23:49","slug":"zeig-mir-deine-zahne-catahoula-in-englisch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ealc.info\/cs\/catahoulo-ukaz-mi-sve-zuby\/","title":{"rendered":"Catahoulo, uka\u017e mi sv\u00e9 zuby"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Problematice kvality chrupu nebylo u plemene Louisiana Catahoula (LC) v\u011bnov\u00e1no zat\u00edm moc pozornosti. Je tomu tak proto, \u017ee je to p\u016fvodem americk\u00e9 plemeno a \u017ee ani v\u00a0zemi p\u016fvodu se touto ot\u00e1zkou nikdo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nezab\u00fdv\u00e1. NALC standard platn\u00fd od r. 1977 (posledn\u00ed revize v\u00a0r. 1994) i nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed UKC standard (2008) \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee: \u201eSkus je siln\u00fd, n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd; kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd skus je p\u0159ijateln\u00fd. Vysoce \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed je kompletn\u00ed chrup, ale zlomen\u00e9 zuby se nepenalizuj\u00ed. Mezi v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 vady pat\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edkus nebo podkus, ale nen\u00ed to vada, kter\u00e1 jedince zcela diskvalifikuje.\u201c LC je pracovn\u00ed plemeno a v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fraz byl v\u017edy kladen na jeho pracovn\u00ed vlastnosti sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e na exteri\u00e9r a kvalitu chrupu. To je tak\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed, se kter\u00fdm si dne\u0161n\u00ed chov mus\u00ed poradit.<\/p>\n

Evropsk\u00e9 chovy a plemena, kter\u00e1 zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b p\u016fvodn\u00ed parametry lebky divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch \u0161elem, maj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159edeps\u00e1n kompletn\u00ed chrup a n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd skus a odchylky jsou tu sledov\u00e1ny a penalizov\u00e1ny mnohem v\u00edce. M\u00e1 to jist\u011b sv\u016fj dobr\u00fd d\u016fvod, kter\u00fdm je zejm\u00e9na funk\u010dnost \u00fapln\u00e9ho chrupu a ide\u00e1ln\u00edho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed zub\u016f. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b odchylky od ide\u00e1lu se vyskytuj\u00ed i u divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch \u0161elem a v\u00a0chovech r\u016fzn\u00fdch plemen ps\u016f nejsou dnes ji\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 vady v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9, i kdy\u017e nejsou \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dom\u00e1c\u00ed i divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed psovit\u00e9 \u0161elmy maj\u00ed m\u00edt v\u00a0dosp\u011blosti 42 zub\u016f. Ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdch zub\u016f je 28.<\/p>\n

Trval\u00fd chrup obsahuje \u0159ez\u00e1ky (Incisives<\/em> – I), \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky (Caninus<\/em> – C), t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby (Praemolares<\/em> – P) a stoli\u010dky (Molares<\/em> \u2013 M). Horn\u00ed a spodn\u00ed \u010delist se li\u0161\u00ed po\u010dtem stoli\u010dek. Vzorec trval\u00e9ho chrupu zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulka:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Horn\u00ed \u010delist<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M2,M1,P4,P3,P2,P1,C,I3,I2,I1-I1,I2,I3,C,P1,P2,P3,P4,M1,M2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Spodn\u00ed \u010delist<\/strong><\/td>\nM3,M2,M1,P4,P3,P2,P1,C,I3,I2,I1-I1,I2,I3,C,P1,P2,P3,P4,M1,M2,M3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

V\u00fdvoj chrupu a usazen\u00ed v\u0161ech zub\u016f trv\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b dlouho, to shrnuje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulka:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
V\u011bk<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nMl\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 zuby – 28<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nTrval\u00e9 zuby – 42<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n\u010celist horn\u00ed a doln\u00ed<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3-6 t\u00fddn\u016f<\/td>\nPro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4-6 t\u00fddn\u016f<\/td>\nPro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se \u0159ez\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6 t\u00fddn\u016f<\/td>\nPro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.-4. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\nZa\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bna ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdch zub\u016f<\/td>\nRostou kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 \u0159ez\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.-5. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nRostou st\u0159edov\u00e9 a krajov\u00e9 \u0159ez\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.-6. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nRostou \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.-5. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nRostou zuby t\u0159enov\u00e9 a pro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se stoli\u010dky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nDor\u016fstaj\u00ed stoli\u010dky, m\u011bl by b\u00fdt ji\u017e uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n cel\u00fd dosp\u011bl\u00fd chrup<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.-11. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\nDo t\u00e9to chv\u00edle rostou ob\u011b \u010delisti nez\u00e1visle na sob\u011b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.-2. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed doln\u00edch kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.-3. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed doln\u00edch st\u0159edov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.-4. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed horn\u00edch kle\u0161t\u2019ov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed horn\u00edch st\u0159edov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Pro pochopen\u00ed z\u00e1va\u017enosti r\u016fzn\u00fdch vad je dobr\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt, co je vlastn\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u011b a pro\u010d<\/strong>. To bude asi nejl\u00e9pe vysv\u011btlit na p\u0159\u00edkladu vlka. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee \u010derven\u00fd vlk pat\u0159\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i mezi p\u0159edky LC, je to dobr\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad a m\u016f\u017ee vysv\u011btlovat tak\u00e9 fakt, pro\u010d LC z\u0159ejm\u011b nepat\u0159\u00ed mezi plemena, kter\u00e1 vykazuj\u00ed obecn\u011b tolik \u017e\u00e1dan\u00fd pln\u00fd z\u00e1kus p\u0159i v\u00fdcviku obran, jak ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku zmi\u0148ovala i Anke Boysen (https:\/\/www.ealc.info\/cs\/pracovni-pes\/<\/a>).<\/p>\n

P\u0159i v\u00fdcviku obran se od psa \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1, aby na pln\u00fd z\u00e1kus uchopil \u201eko\u0159ist\u201c (ruk\u00e1v, pe\u0161ka, apod.), tj. mezi sv\u00e9 stoli\u010dky a t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby a a\u017e za \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky. To ale nen\u00ed zp\u016fsob, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159i lovu vlk. Ten zachyt\u00e1v\u00e1 a strh\u00e1v\u00e1 ko\u0159ist p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tlamy, tj. pomoc\u00ed 4 \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1k\u016f, kter\u00e9 ko\u0159ist prokousnou. Postaven\u00ed a tvar \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1k\u016f, kombinovan\u00e9 se s\u00edlou \u010delisti, nedovol\u00ed ko\u0159isti, aby se z\u00a0takov\u00e9ho sev\u0159en\u00ed vytrhla. Ve chv\u00edli, kdy je ko\u0159ist na zemi, kusy masa, kter\u00e9 vlk polyk\u00e1, jsou vytrh\u00e1v\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch zub\u016f. Horn\u00ed P4 a M1 na spodn\u00ed \u010delisti na ka\u017ed\u00e9 stran\u011b jsou specializov\u00e1ny pro tuto pr\u00e1ci. Jsou to nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zuby psovit\u00fdch \u0161elem. Jsou velmi ostr\u00e9 a jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed uprost\u0159ed cel\u00e9 \u010delisti je pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b, kde m\u016f\u017ee \u010delist vyvinout nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed tlak. \u0158ez\u00e1ky, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 vp\u0159edu tlamy, se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ci, kterou vy\u017eaduje ohryz\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zbytk\u016f masa z\u00a0kost\u00ed, a jsou tak\u00e9 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159i vykusov\u00e1n\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9ho hmyzu z\u00a0ko\u017eichu nebo trn\u016f z\u00a0pacek. Ostatn\u00ed stoli\u010dky jsou ploch\u00e9 a vhodn\u00e9 pro m\u011bln\u011bn\u00ed rostlinn\u00e9 potravy. Vlci a kojoti si toti\u017e dopl\u0148uj\u00ed stravu i r\u016fzn\u00fdmi plody, tr\u00e1vou apod. Tuto potravu je t\u0159eba trochu p\u0159ed\u017ev\u00fdkat, aby za\u010dal tr\u00e1vic\u00ed proces.<\/p>\n

V\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 ukazuje, \u017ee i kdy\u017e existuj\u00ed specializovan\u00e9 zuby, jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0\u010delisti je d\u00e1no jejich funkc\u00ed. \u00da\u010dinn\u00e1 funkce vy\u017eaduje spr\u00e1vn\u011b tvarovanou lebku a spodn\u00ed \u010delist. Morda mus\u00ed b\u00fdt dostate\u010dn\u011b dlouh\u00e1 a \u0161irok\u00e1, aby se tam v\u0161echny zuby ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 pozici ve\u0161ly. S\u00edla \u010delisti tak nen\u00ed jen ot\u00e1zkou sval\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 tvaru lebky (1).<\/p>\n

U v\u011bt\u0161iny pracovn\u00edch plemen s\u00a0norm\u00e1ln\u00edm tvarem lebky z\u016fstala v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 struktura chrupu zachov\u00e1na, proto\u017ee je funk\u010dn\u011b nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b mezi typick\u00e9 vady, kter\u00e9 se objevuj\u00ed, pat\u0159\u00ed chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zuby a vady skusu, tj. vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho postaven\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkum divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch vlk\u016f prok\u00e1zal, \u017ee jednou z m\u00e1la zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vad byla nep\u0159\u00edtomnost posledn\u00ed stoli\u010dky, M3. \u00a0Zd\u00e1 se proto, \u017ee chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed M3 nen\u00ed pro funk\u010dnost chrupu z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e1 a nem\u011bla by b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1na za probl\u00e9m ani u ps\u016f (2).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zuby<\/strong> jsou vadou celkem \u010dastou i u LC, ale tato skute\u010dnost a jej\u00ed z\u00e1va\u017enost by m\u011bla b\u00fdt posuzov\u00e1na podle toho, kolik a jak\u00fdch zub\u016f chyb\u00ed. Nej\u010dast\u011bji chyb\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby (P1, P2 nebo P3), n\u011bkdy i n\u011bkter\u00e9 stoli\u010dky (M2, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i M3).<\/p>\n

Pokud chyb\u00ed P1, jeden z\u00a0nejmen\u0161\u00edch zub\u016f, je to men\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m ne\u017e, kdy\u017e chyb\u00ed P4 nebo M1, kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed mezi zuby nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (viz v\u00fd\u0161e). \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce zub\u016f chyb\u00ed, t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b je chrup funk\u010dn\u00ed. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zuby se \u010dasto objevuj\u00ed v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdch lini\u00edch, je rozhodn\u011b t\u0159eba se vyhnout spojov\u00e1n\u00ed stejn\u011b zat\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch jedinc\u016f. D\u011bdi\u010dnost t\u011bchto vad v\u0161ak nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e1 a nap\u0159. nep\u0159\u00edtomnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch t\u0159enov\u00fdch zub\u016f byla pops\u00e1na r\u016fzn\u00fdmi modely d\u011bdi\u010dnosti, n\u011bkdy i v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na plemeni. A tak nap\u0159. nep\u0159\u00edtomnost P2 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pops\u00e1na modelem recesivn\u00ed d\u011bdi\u010dnosti jednoho hlavn\u00edho genu, zat\u00edmco chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed P4 m\u00e1 mnohem komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed genetick\u00fd mechanismus (3).<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed aspekt, kter\u00e9mu je t\u0159eba u LC v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u011bnovat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pozornost, je typ skusu. Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed je skus n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd<\/strong>, horn\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky doln\u00ed \u010delisti nebo je mezi nimi mezera maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 1 mm a v\u0161echny t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby nebo stoli\u010dky \u00fapln\u011b dosedaj\u00ed. P\u0159ijatelnou variantou je i skus t\u011bsn\u00fd n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd<\/strong>, kdy se horn\u00ed i doln\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky dot\u00fdkaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nebo jsou doln\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky vych\u00fdleny v\u00a0pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 ose dop\u0159edu. Podle standardu je tak\u00e9 povolen\u00fd skus kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd<\/strong>. P\u0159i tomto typu skusu dosedaj\u00ed horn\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky p\u0159\u00edmo na \u0159ez\u00e1ky \u010delisti doln\u00ed, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje jejich rychlej\u0161\u00ed obru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed. To nen\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed, ale neovliv\u0148uje to v podstat\u011b funk\u010dnost chrupu a ob\u011b \u010delisti maj\u00ed stejnou d\u00e9lku. U n\u011bkter\u00fdch plemen, v\u010detn\u011b LC, se tento typ skusu pova\u017euje za norm\u00e1ln\u00ed, i kdy\u017e n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed auto\u0159i ho pova\u017euj\u00ed ji\u017e za m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd projev p\u0159edkusu. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b byl kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd typ skusu pozorov\u00e1n i u voln\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch vlk\u016f a m\u011bla ho ca t\u0159etina zkouman\u00fdch jedinc\u016f.\u00a0 Zd\u00e1 se proto, \u017ee to nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e1 vada, proto\u017ee takov\u00e1 strukturn\u00ed vada nen\u00ed u p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch druh\u016f do takov\u00e9 m\u00edry tolerov\u00e1na, zejm\u00e9na pokud na tom z\u00e1vis\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed dan\u00e9ho druhu.<\/p>\n

Mezi z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vady v\u0161ak pat\u0159\u00ed ty, kter\u00e9 jsou zp\u016fsobeny r\u016fznou d\u00e9lkou horn\u00ed a doln\u00ed \u010delisti. P\u0159edkus<\/strong> znamen\u00e1, \u017ee spodn\u00ed \u010delist je del\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e horn\u00ed a \u0159ada spodn\u00edch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f se nach\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159ed \u0159adou \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f horn\u00edch. Takov\u00e9 postaven\u00ed \u010delist\u00ed se vyskytuje norm\u00e1ln\u011b u n\u011bkter\u00fdch plemen, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed zkr\u00e1cenou lebku, jako jsou boxe\u0159i, anglick\u00fd buldog, shi-tzu, lhasa apso atd. Jinak se pova\u017euje sp\u00ed\u0161e za m\u00e9n\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159enou vadu u plemen s\u00a0norm\u00e1ln\u00edmi parametry lebky. Je to v\u0161ak vada jednozna\u010dn\u011b geneticky podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Podkus<\/strong> se vyzna\u010duje zkr\u00e1cen\u00edm spodn\u00ed \u010delisti a mezera mezi horn\u00edmi a doln\u00edmi \u0159ez\u00e1ky je \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 2 mm. Tato vada se podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch zdroj\u016f projevuje v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech u v\u0161ech plemen \u010dast\u011bji a na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159edkusu jsou za ni zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 i faktory vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9 dispozice. Podkus znamen\u00e1 oslaben\u00ed spodn\u00ed \u010delisti a ovliv\u0148uje funk\u010dnost chrupu v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u0159edkus. M\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt vada z\u00edskan\u00e1 tak\u00e9 b\u011bhem v\u00fdvoje chrupu a to i d\u00edky nevhodn\u00e9 strav\u011b v\u00a0dob\u011b r\u016fstu zub\u016f a \u010delist\u00ed.<\/p>\n

U LC se krom\u011b chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch zub\u016f objevuje \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l \u010dast\u011bji skus kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd a z\u00a0t\u011bch z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vad, p\u0159edkus. Nen\u00ed pochyb o tom, \u017ee tyto vady a abnormality jsou d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9. R\u016fst \u010delist\u00ed je nerovnom\u011brn\u00fd, ka\u017ed\u00e1 roste v\u00a0jinou dobu, faktory ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed velikost \u010delisti jsou nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 na t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 reguluj\u00ed velikost zub\u016f, a jejich d\u011bdi\u010dnost zahrnuje \u0159adu r\u016fzn\u00fdch gen\u016f. Je velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 vady z\u00a0chovu zcela eliminovat, proto\u017ee neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd samostatn\u00fd \u201e\u0161patn\u00fd\u201c gen, kter\u00fd by za to byl zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd. Roli hraje v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b i d\u00e9lka hlavy a nosu a je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 ne\u00fapln\u00e1 dominance krat\u0161\u00ed lebky. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b LC by proto nebylo vhodn\u00e9 kombinovat rodi\u010de s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 odli\u0161n\u00fdmi parametry lebky a mordy, proto\u017ee potom se \u010detnost t\u011bchto vad pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed. A to, \u017ee se jedinci tohoto plemene v\u00a0d\u00e9lce sv\u00e9ho nosu li\u0161\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e o t\u0159etinu d\u00e9lky, jsme prok\u00e1zali ji\u017e p\u0159ed \u010dasem p\u0159esn\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm.<\/p>\n

D\u011bdi\u010dnost a eliminace z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch vad chrupu je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1 i u plemen po\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e je LC. D\u00edky slo\u017eit\u00e9, polygenn\u00ed a \u010dasto recesivn\u00ed d\u011bdi\u010dnosti nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 u tak m\u00e1lopo\u010detn\u00e9ho plemene vy\u0159adit z\u00a0chovu v\u0161echny jedince, kte\u0159\u00ed n\u011bjakou z\u00a0m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch vad vykazuj\u00ed. Ti, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed vady z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, tj. prokazateln\u00fd p\u0159edkus nebo podkus a chyb\u00ed jim i nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zuby, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u011b ohro\u017euj\u00ed funk\u010dnost chrupu, by do chovu zasahovat opravdu nem\u011bli. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0t\u00e9to chv\u00edli nen\u00ed ani zcela jasn\u00e9, jak po\u010detn\u00e9 jsou i m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 vady v\u00a0cel\u00e9 populaci LC v\u00a0Evrop\u011b. V\u00a0zemi p\u016fvodu nejsou takov\u00e9 vady prakticky sledov\u00e1ny, neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 statistika a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b recesivn\u00ed d\u011bdi\u010dnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch abnormalit znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159ena\u0161e\u010d\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt populace pln\u00e1. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd v\u00fdskyt kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch skus\u016f v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech je proto varovn\u00fdm znamen\u00edm, proto\u017ee nen\u00ed zcela jasn\u00e9, kam povede spojov\u00e1n\u00ed jedinc\u016f s\u00a0t\u00edmto typem v\u00a0budoucnosti.<\/p>\n

K\u00a0tomu, aby bylo mo\u017eno zmapovat \u010detnost a z\u00e1va\u017enost vad chrupu u LC a vysledovat jejich z\u00e1konitosti a vztahy mezi posti\u017een\u00fdmi a jejich p\u0159edky, je t\u0159eba za\u010d\u00edt s\u00a0d\u016fkladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kontrolou odchov\u016f a to nejl\u00e9pe ve v\u011bku star\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e 1-2 roky, kdy jsou tyto odchylky zcela patrn\u00e9. Podle v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 tabulky je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee k\u00a0usazov\u00e1n\u00ed chrupu doch\u00e1z\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b dlouho, a i na\u0161e praktick\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jedinci, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0prvn\u00edm roce \u017eivota vykazovali je\u0161t\u011b n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd skus, ve dvou letech m\u011bli ji\u017e kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd. To je \u00fakol pro chovatelsk\u00e9 kluby i samotn\u00e9 chovatele, proto\u017ee tyto vady m\u016f\u017ee snadno zkontrolovat ka\u017ed\u00fd trochu zku\u0161en\u00fd majitel \u010di chovatel. P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nou statistiku \u010detnosti t\u011bchto vad by v\u0161ak m\u011bly sledovat a zve\u0159ej\u0148ovat chovatelsk\u00e9 kluby, proto\u017ee jen to m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout informace v\u0161em zodpov\u011bdn\u00fdm chovatel\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed to pro sv\u00e1 spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 chovatelsk\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Napsala RNDr. Helena Synkov\u00e1<\/em><\/p>\n

Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zdroje:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C.A. Sharp: So Bite Me: A Close Look at Canine Dentition, First printed in the Aussie Times, July-August 2002.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 P. Hell<\/a>: Gebi\u00dfanomalien des westkarpatischen Wolfes und ihre Bedeutung f\u00fcr die Hundezucht<\/a><\/p>\n

Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Jagdwissenschaft<\/a> 36\/4<\/a>: 266-269. 1990.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Axenovich, TI; Zorkoltseva, IV; Aulchenko, YS; et al :Inheritance of hypodontia in Kerry Blue Terrier dogs<\/a>. Russian Journal of Genetics 40\/5: 529-536, 2004.<\/p>\n

Problematice kvality chrupu nebylo u plemene Louisiana Catahoula (LC) v\u011bnov\u00e1no zat\u00edm moc pozornosti. Je tomu tak proto, \u017ee je to p\u016fvodem americk\u00e9 plemeno a \u017ee ani v\u00a0zemi p\u016fvodu se touto ot\u00e1zkou nikdo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nezab\u00fdv\u00e1. NALC standard platn\u00fd od r. 1977 (posledn\u00ed revize v\u00a0r. 1994) i nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed UKC standard (2008) \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee: \u201eSkus je siln\u00fd, n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd; kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd skus je p\u0159ijateln\u00fd. Vysoce \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed je kompletn\u00ed chrup, ale zlomen\u00e9 zuby se nepenalizuj\u00ed. Mezi v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 vady pat\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edkus nebo podkus, ale nen\u00ed to vada, kter\u00e1 jedince zcela diskvalifikuje.\u201c LC je pracovn\u00ed plemeno a v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fraz byl v\u017edy kladen na jeho pracovn\u00ed vlastnosti sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e na exteri\u00e9r a kvalitu chrupu. To je tak\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed, se kter\u00fdm si dne\u0161n\u00ed chov mus\u00ed poradit.<\/p>\n

Evropsk\u00e9 chovy a plemena, kter\u00e1 zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b p\u016fvodn\u00ed parametry lebky divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch \u0161elem, maj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159edeps\u00e1n kompletn\u00ed chrup a n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd skus a odchylky jsou tu sledov\u00e1ny a penalizov\u00e1ny mnohem v\u00edce. M\u00e1 to jist\u011b sv\u016fj dobr\u00fd d\u016fvod, kter\u00fdm je zejm\u00e9na funk\u010dnost \u00fapln\u00e9ho chrupu a ide\u00e1ln\u00edho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed zub\u016f. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b odchylky od ide\u00e1lu se vyskytuj\u00ed i u divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch \u0161elem a v\u00a0chovech r\u016fzn\u00fdch plemen ps\u016f nejsou dnes ji\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 vady v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9, i kdy\u017e nejsou \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dom\u00e1c\u00ed i divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed psovit\u00e9 \u0161elmy maj\u00ed m\u00edt v\u00a0dosp\u011blosti 42 zub\u016f. Ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdch zub\u016f je 28.<\/p>\n

Trval\u00fd chrup obsahuje \u0159ez\u00e1ky (Incisives<\/em> – I), \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky (Caninus<\/em> – C), t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby (Praemolares<\/em> – P) a stoli\u010dky (Molares<\/em> \u2013 M). Horn\u00ed a spodn\u00ed \u010delist se li\u0161\u00ed po\u010dtem stoli\u010dek. Vzorec trval\u00e9ho chrupu zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulka:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Horn\u00ed \u010delist<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M2,M1,P4,P3,P2,P1,C,I3,I2,I1-I1,I2,I3,C,P1,P2,P3,P4,M1,M2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Spodn\u00ed \u010delist<\/strong><\/td>\nM3,M2,M1,P4,P3,P2,P1,C,I3,I2,I1-I1,I2,I3,C,P1,P2,P3,P4,M1,M2,M3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

V\u00fdvoj chrupu a usazen\u00ed v\u0161ech zub\u016f trv\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b dlouho, to shrnuje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulka:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
V\u011bk<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nMl\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 zuby – 28<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nTrval\u00e9 zuby – 42<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n\u010celist horn\u00ed a doln\u00ed<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3-6 t\u00fddn\u016f<\/td>\nPro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4-6 t\u00fddn\u016f<\/td>\nPro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se \u0159ez\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6 t\u00fddn\u016f<\/td>\nPro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.-4. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\nZa\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bna ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdch zub\u016f<\/td>\nRostou kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 \u0159ez\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.-5. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nRostou st\u0159edov\u00e9 a krajov\u00e9 \u0159ez\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.-6. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nRostou \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.-5. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nRostou zuby t\u0159enov\u00e9 a pro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se stoli\u010dky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nDor\u016fstaj\u00ed stoli\u010dky, m\u011bl by b\u00fdt ji\u017e uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n cel\u00fd dosp\u011bl\u00fd chrup<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.-11. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\nDo t\u00e9to chv\u00edle rostou ob\u011b \u010delisti nez\u00e1visle na sob\u011b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.-2. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed doln\u00edch kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.-3. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed doln\u00edch st\u0159edov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.-4. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed horn\u00edch kle\u0161t\u2019ov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed horn\u00edch st\u0159edov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Pro pochopen\u00ed z\u00e1va\u017enosti r\u016fzn\u00fdch vad je dobr\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt, co je vlastn\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u011b a pro\u010d<\/strong>. To bude asi nejl\u00e9pe vysv\u011btlit na p\u0159\u00edkladu vlka. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee \u010derven\u00fd vlk pat\u0159\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i mezi p\u0159edky LC, je to dobr\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad a m\u016f\u017ee vysv\u011btlovat tak\u00e9 fakt, pro\u010d LC z\u0159ejm\u011b nepat\u0159\u00ed mezi plemena, kter\u00e1 vykazuj\u00ed obecn\u011b tolik \u017e\u00e1dan\u00fd pln\u00fd z\u00e1kus p\u0159i v\u00fdcviku obran, jak ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku zmi\u0148ovala i Anke Boysen (https:\/\/www.ealc.info\/cs\/pracovni-pes\/<\/a>).<\/p>\n

P\u0159i v\u00fdcviku obran se od psa \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1, aby na pln\u00fd z\u00e1kus uchopil \u201eko\u0159ist\u201c (ruk\u00e1v, pe\u0161ka, apod.), tj. mezi sv\u00e9 stoli\u010dky a t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby a a\u017e za \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky. To ale nen\u00ed zp\u016fsob, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159i lovu vlk. Ten zachyt\u00e1v\u00e1 a strh\u00e1v\u00e1 ko\u0159ist p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tlamy, tj. pomoc\u00ed 4 \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1k\u016f, kter\u00e9 ko\u0159ist prokousnou. Postaven\u00ed a tvar \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1k\u016f, kombinovan\u00e9 se s\u00edlou \u010delisti, nedovol\u00ed ko\u0159isti, aby se z\u00a0takov\u00e9ho sev\u0159en\u00ed vytrhla. Ve chv\u00edli, kdy je ko\u0159ist na zemi, kusy masa, kter\u00e9 vlk polyk\u00e1, jsou vytrh\u00e1v\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch zub\u016f. Horn\u00ed P4 a M1 na spodn\u00ed \u010delisti na ka\u017ed\u00e9 stran\u011b jsou specializov\u00e1ny pro tuto pr\u00e1ci. Jsou to nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zuby psovit\u00fdch \u0161elem. Jsou velmi ostr\u00e9 a jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed uprost\u0159ed cel\u00e9 \u010delisti je pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b, kde m\u016f\u017ee \u010delist vyvinout nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed tlak. \u0158ez\u00e1ky, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 vp\u0159edu tlamy, se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ci, kterou vy\u017eaduje ohryz\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zbytk\u016f masa z\u00a0kost\u00ed, a jsou tak\u00e9 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159i vykusov\u00e1n\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9ho hmyzu z\u00a0ko\u017eichu nebo trn\u016f z\u00a0pacek. Ostatn\u00ed stoli\u010dky jsou ploch\u00e9 a vhodn\u00e9 pro m\u011bln\u011bn\u00ed rostlinn\u00e9 potravy. Vlci a kojoti si toti\u017e dopl\u0148uj\u00ed stravu i r\u016fzn\u00fdmi plody, tr\u00e1vou apod. Tuto potravu je t\u0159eba trochu p\u0159ed\u017ev\u00fdkat, aby za\u010dal tr\u00e1vic\u00ed proces.<\/p>\n

V\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 ukazuje, \u017ee i kdy\u017e existuj\u00ed specializovan\u00e9 zuby, jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0\u010delisti je d\u00e1no jejich funkc\u00ed. \u00da\u010dinn\u00e1 funkce vy\u017eaduje spr\u00e1vn\u011b tvarovanou lebku a spodn\u00ed \u010delist. Morda mus\u00ed b\u00fdt dostate\u010dn\u011b dlouh\u00e1 a \u0161irok\u00e1, aby se tam v\u0161echny zuby ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 pozici ve\u0161ly. S\u00edla \u010delisti tak nen\u00ed jen ot\u00e1zkou sval\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 tvaru lebky (1).<\/p>\n

U v\u011bt\u0161iny pracovn\u00edch plemen s\u00a0norm\u00e1ln\u00edm tvarem lebky z\u016fstala v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 struktura chrupu zachov\u00e1na, proto\u017ee je funk\u010dn\u011b nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b mezi typick\u00e9 vady, kter\u00e9 se objevuj\u00ed, pat\u0159\u00ed chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zuby a vady skusu, tj. vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho postaven\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkum divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch vlk\u016f prok\u00e1zal, \u017ee jednou z m\u00e1la zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vad byla nep\u0159\u00edtomnost posledn\u00ed stoli\u010dky, M3. \u00a0Zd\u00e1 se proto, \u017ee chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed M3 nen\u00ed pro funk\u010dnost chrupu z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e1 a nem\u011bla by b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1na za probl\u00e9m ani u ps\u016f (2).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zuby<\/strong> jsou vadou celkem \u010dastou i u LC, ale tato skute\u010dnost a jej\u00ed z\u00e1va\u017enost by m\u011bla b\u00fdt posuzov\u00e1na podle toho, kolik a jak\u00fdch zub\u016f chyb\u00ed. Nej\u010dast\u011bji chyb\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby (P1, P2 nebo P3), n\u011bkdy i n\u011bkter\u00e9 stoli\u010dky (M2, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i M3).<\/p>\n

Pokud chyb\u00ed P1, jeden z\u00a0nejmen\u0161\u00edch zub\u016f, je to men\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m ne\u017e, kdy\u017e chyb\u00ed P4 nebo M1, kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed mezi zuby nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (viz v\u00fd\u0161e). \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce zub\u016f chyb\u00ed, t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b je chrup funk\u010dn\u00ed. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zuby se \u010dasto objevuj\u00ed v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdch lini\u00edch, je rozhodn\u011b t\u0159eba se vyhnout spojov\u00e1n\u00ed stejn\u011b zat\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch jedinc\u016f. D\u011bdi\u010dnost t\u011bchto vad v\u0161ak nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e1 a nap\u0159. nep\u0159\u00edtomnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch t\u0159enov\u00fdch zub\u016f byla pops\u00e1na r\u016fzn\u00fdmi modely d\u011bdi\u010dnosti, n\u011bkdy i v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na plemeni. A tak nap\u0159. nep\u0159\u00edtomnost P2 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pops\u00e1na modelem recesivn\u00ed d\u011bdi\u010dnosti jednoho hlavn\u00edho genu, zat\u00edmco chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed P4 m\u00e1 mnohem komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed genetick\u00fd mechanismus (3).<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed aspekt, kter\u00e9mu je t\u0159eba u LC v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u011bnovat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pozornost, je typ skusu. Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed je skus n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd<\/strong>, horn\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky doln\u00ed \u010delisti nebo je mezi nimi mezera maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 1 mm a v\u0161echny t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby nebo stoli\u010dky \u00fapln\u011b dosedaj\u00ed. P\u0159ijatelnou variantou je i skus t\u011bsn\u00fd n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd<\/strong>, kdy se horn\u00ed i doln\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky dot\u00fdkaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nebo jsou doln\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky vych\u00fdleny v\u00a0pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 ose dop\u0159edu. Podle standardu je tak\u00e9 povolen\u00fd skus kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd<\/strong>. P\u0159i tomto typu skusu dosedaj\u00ed horn\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky p\u0159\u00edmo na \u0159ez\u00e1ky \u010delisti doln\u00ed, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje jejich rychlej\u0161\u00ed obru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed. To nen\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed, ale neovliv\u0148uje to v podstat\u011b funk\u010dnost chrupu a ob\u011b \u010delisti maj\u00ed stejnou d\u00e9lku. U n\u011bkter\u00fdch plemen, v\u010detn\u011b LC, se tento typ skusu pova\u017euje za norm\u00e1ln\u00ed, i kdy\u017e n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed auto\u0159i ho pova\u017euj\u00ed ji\u017e za m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd projev p\u0159edkusu. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b byl kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd typ skusu pozorov\u00e1n i u voln\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch vlk\u016f a m\u011bla ho ca t\u0159etina zkouman\u00fdch jedinc\u016f.\u00a0 Zd\u00e1 se proto, \u017ee to nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e1 vada, proto\u017ee takov\u00e1 strukturn\u00ed vada nen\u00ed u p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch druh\u016f do takov\u00e9 m\u00edry tolerov\u00e1na, zejm\u00e9na pokud na tom z\u00e1vis\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed dan\u00e9ho druhu.<\/p>\n

Mezi z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vady v\u0161ak pat\u0159\u00ed ty, kter\u00e9 jsou zp\u016fsobeny r\u016fznou d\u00e9lkou horn\u00ed a doln\u00ed \u010delisti. P\u0159edkus<\/strong> znamen\u00e1, \u017ee spodn\u00ed \u010delist je del\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e horn\u00ed a \u0159ada spodn\u00edch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f se nach\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159ed \u0159adou \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f horn\u00edch. Takov\u00e9 postaven\u00ed \u010delist\u00ed se vyskytuje norm\u00e1ln\u011b u n\u011bkter\u00fdch plemen, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed zkr\u00e1cenou lebku, jako jsou boxe\u0159i, anglick\u00fd buldog, shi-tzu, lhasa apso atd. Jinak se pova\u017euje sp\u00ed\u0161e za m\u00e9n\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159enou vadu u plemen s\u00a0norm\u00e1ln\u00edmi parametry lebky. Je to v\u0161ak vada jednozna\u010dn\u011b geneticky podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Podkus<\/strong> se vyzna\u010duje zkr\u00e1cen\u00edm spodn\u00ed \u010delisti a mezera mezi horn\u00edmi a doln\u00edmi \u0159ez\u00e1ky je \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 2 mm. Tato vada se podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch zdroj\u016f projevuje v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech u v\u0161ech plemen \u010dast\u011bji a na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159edkusu jsou za ni zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 i faktory vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9 dispozice. Podkus znamen\u00e1 oslaben\u00ed spodn\u00ed \u010delisti a ovliv\u0148uje funk\u010dnost chrupu v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u0159edkus. M\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt vada z\u00edskan\u00e1 tak\u00e9 b\u011bhem v\u00fdvoje chrupu a to i d\u00edky nevhodn\u00e9 strav\u011b v\u00a0dob\u011b r\u016fstu zub\u016f a \u010delist\u00ed.<\/p>\n

U LC se krom\u011b chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch zub\u016f objevuje \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l \u010dast\u011bji skus kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd a z\u00a0t\u011bch z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vad, p\u0159edkus. Nen\u00ed pochyb o tom, \u017ee tyto vady a abnormality jsou d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9. R\u016fst \u010delist\u00ed je nerovnom\u011brn\u00fd, ka\u017ed\u00e1 roste v\u00a0jinou dobu, faktory ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed velikost \u010delisti jsou nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 na t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 reguluj\u00ed velikost zub\u016f, a jejich d\u011bdi\u010dnost zahrnuje \u0159adu r\u016fzn\u00fdch gen\u016f. Je velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 vady z\u00a0chovu zcela eliminovat, proto\u017ee neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd samostatn\u00fd \u201e\u0161patn\u00fd\u201c gen, kter\u00fd by za to byl zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd. Roli hraje v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b i d\u00e9lka hlavy a nosu a je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 ne\u00fapln\u00e1 dominance krat\u0161\u00ed lebky. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b LC by proto nebylo vhodn\u00e9 kombinovat rodi\u010de s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 odli\u0161n\u00fdmi parametry lebky a mordy, proto\u017ee potom se \u010detnost t\u011bchto vad pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed. A to, \u017ee se jedinci tohoto plemene v\u00a0d\u00e9lce sv\u00e9ho nosu li\u0161\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e o t\u0159etinu d\u00e9lky, jsme prok\u00e1zali ji\u017e p\u0159ed \u010dasem p\u0159esn\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm.<\/p>\n

D\u011bdi\u010dnost a eliminace z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch vad chrupu je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1 i u plemen po\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e je LC. D\u00edky slo\u017eit\u00e9, polygenn\u00ed a \u010dasto recesivn\u00ed d\u011bdi\u010dnosti nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 u tak m\u00e1lopo\u010detn\u00e9ho plemene vy\u0159adit z\u00a0chovu v\u0161echny jedince, kte\u0159\u00ed n\u011bjakou z\u00a0m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch vad vykazuj\u00ed. Ti, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed vady z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, tj. prokazateln\u00fd p\u0159edkus nebo podkus a chyb\u00ed jim i nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zuby, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u011b ohro\u017euj\u00ed funk\u010dnost chrupu, by do chovu zasahovat opravdu nem\u011bli. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0t\u00e9to chv\u00edli nen\u00ed ani zcela jasn\u00e9, jak po\u010detn\u00e9 jsou i m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 vady v\u00a0cel\u00e9 populaci LC v\u00a0Evrop\u011b. V\u00a0zemi p\u016fvodu nejsou takov\u00e9 vady prakticky sledov\u00e1ny, neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 statistika a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b recesivn\u00ed d\u011bdi\u010dnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch abnormalit znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159ena\u0161e\u010d\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt populace pln\u00e1. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd v\u00fdskyt kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch skus\u016f v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech je proto varovn\u00fdm znamen\u00edm, proto\u017ee nen\u00ed zcela jasn\u00e9, kam povede spojov\u00e1n\u00ed jedinc\u016f s\u00a0t\u00edmto typem v\u00a0budoucnosti.<\/p>\n

K\u00a0tomu, aby bylo mo\u017eno zmapovat \u010detnost a z\u00e1va\u017enost vad chrupu u LC a vysledovat jejich z\u00e1konitosti a vztahy mezi posti\u017een\u00fdmi a jejich p\u0159edky, je t\u0159eba za\u010d\u00edt s\u00a0d\u016fkladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kontrolou odchov\u016f a to nejl\u00e9pe ve v\u011bku star\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e 1-2 roky, kdy jsou tyto odchylky zcela patrn\u00e9. Podle v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 tabulky je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee k\u00a0usazov\u00e1n\u00ed chrupu doch\u00e1z\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b dlouho, a i na\u0161e praktick\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jedinci, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0prvn\u00edm roce \u017eivota vykazovali je\u0161t\u011b n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd skus, ve dvou letech m\u011bli ji\u017e kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd. To je \u00fakol pro chovatelsk\u00e9 kluby i samotn\u00e9 chovatele, proto\u017ee tyto vady m\u016f\u017ee snadno zkontrolovat ka\u017ed\u00fd trochu zku\u0161en\u00fd majitel \u010di chovatel. P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nou statistiku \u010detnosti t\u011bchto vad by v\u0161ak m\u011bly sledovat a zve\u0159ej\u0148ovat chovatelsk\u00e9 kluby, proto\u017ee jen to m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout informace v\u0161em zodpov\u011bdn\u00fdm chovatel\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed to pro sv\u00e1 spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 chovatelsk\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Napsala RNDr. Helena Synkov\u00e1<\/em><\/p>\n

Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zdroje:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C.A. Sharp: So Bite Me: A Close Look at Canine Dentition, First printed in the Aussie Times, July-August 2002.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 P. Hell<\/a>: Gebi\u00dfanomalien des westkarpatischen Wolfes und ihre Bedeutung f\u00fcr die Hundezucht<\/a><\/p>\n

Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Jagdwissenschaft<\/a> 36\/4<\/a>: 266-269. 1990.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Axenovich, TI; Zorkoltseva, IV; Aulchenko, YS; et al :Inheritance of hypodontia in Kerry Blue Terrier dogs<\/a>. Russian Journal of Genetics 40\/5: 529-536, 2004.<\/p>\n

Problematice kvality chrupu nebylo u plemene Louisiana Catahoula (LC) v\u011bnov\u00e1no zat\u00edm moc pozornosti. Je tomu tak proto, \u017ee je to p\u016fvodem americk\u00e9 plemeno a \u017ee ani v\u00a0zemi p\u016fvodu se touto ot\u00e1zkou nikdo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nezab\u00fdv\u00e1. NALC standard platn\u00fd od r. 1977 (posledn\u00ed revize v\u00a0r. 1994) i nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed UKC standard (2008) \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee: \u201eSkus je siln\u00fd, n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd; kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd skus je p\u0159ijateln\u00fd. Vysoce \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed je kompletn\u00ed chrup, ale zlomen\u00e9 zuby se nepenalizuj\u00ed. Mezi v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 vady pat\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edkus nebo podkus, ale nen\u00ed to vada, kter\u00e1 jedince zcela diskvalifikuje.\u201c LC je pracovn\u00ed plemeno a v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fraz byl v\u017edy kladen na jeho pracovn\u00ed vlastnosti sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e na exteri\u00e9r a kvalitu chrupu. To je tak\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed, se kter\u00fdm si dne\u0161n\u00ed chov mus\u00ed poradit.<\/p>\n

Evropsk\u00e9 chovy a plemena, kter\u00e1 zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b p\u016fvodn\u00ed parametry lebky divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch \u0161elem, maj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159edeps\u00e1n kompletn\u00ed chrup a n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd skus a odchylky jsou tu sledov\u00e1ny a penalizov\u00e1ny mnohem v\u00edce. M\u00e1 to jist\u011b sv\u016fj dobr\u00fd d\u016fvod, kter\u00fdm je zejm\u00e9na funk\u010dnost \u00fapln\u00e9ho chrupu a ide\u00e1ln\u00edho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed zub\u016f. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b odchylky od ide\u00e1lu se vyskytuj\u00ed i u divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch \u0161elem a v\u00a0chovech r\u016fzn\u00fdch plemen ps\u016f nejsou dnes ji\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 vady v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9, i kdy\u017e nejsou \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dom\u00e1c\u00ed i divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed psovit\u00e9 \u0161elmy maj\u00ed m\u00edt v\u00a0dosp\u011blosti 42 zub\u016f. Ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdch zub\u016f je 28.<\/p>\n

Trval\u00fd chrup obsahuje \u0159ez\u00e1ky (Incisives<\/em> – I), \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky (Caninus<\/em> – C), t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby (Praemolares<\/em> – P) a stoli\u010dky (Molares<\/em> \u2013 M). Horn\u00ed a spodn\u00ed \u010delist se li\u0161\u00ed po\u010dtem stoli\u010dek. Vzorec trval\u00e9ho chrupu zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulka:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Horn\u00ed \u010delist<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M2,M1,P4,P3,P2,P1,C,I3,I2,I1-I1,I2,I3,C,P1,P2,P3,P4,M1,M2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Spodn\u00ed \u010delist<\/strong><\/td>\nM3,M2,M1,P4,P3,P2,P1,C,I3,I2,I1-I1,I2,I3,C,P1,P2,P3,P4,M1,M2,M3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

V\u00fdvoj chrupu a usazen\u00ed v\u0161ech zub\u016f trv\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b dlouho, to shrnuje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulka:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
V\u011bk<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nMl\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 zuby – 28<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nTrval\u00e9 zuby – 42<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n\u010celist horn\u00ed a doln\u00ed<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3-6 t\u00fddn\u016f<\/td>\nPro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4-6 t\u00fddn\u016f<\/td>\nPro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se \u0159ez\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6 t\u00fddn\u016f<\/td>\nPro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.-4. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\nZa\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bna ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdch zub\u016f<\/td>\nRostou kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 \u0159ez\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.-5. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nRostou st\u0159edov\u00e9 a krajov\u00e9 \u0159ez\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.-6. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nRostou \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.-5. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nRostou zuby t\u0159enov\u00e9 a pro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se stoli\u010dky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nDor\u016fstaj\u00ed stoli\u010dky, m\u011bl by b\u00fdt ji\u017e uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n cel\u00fd dosp\u011bl\u00fd chrup<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.-11. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\nDo t\u00e9to chv\u00edle rostou ob\u011b \u010delisti nez\u00e1visle na sob\u011b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.-2. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed doln\u00edch kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.-3. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed doln\u00edch st\u0159edov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.-4. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed horn\u00edch kle\u0161t\u2019ov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed horn\u00edch st\u0159edov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Pro pochopen\u00ed z\u00e1va\u017enosti r\u016fzn\u00fdch vad je dobr\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt, co je vlastn\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u011b a pro\u010d<\/strong>. To bude asi nejl\u00e9pe vysv\u011btlit na p\u0159\u00edkladu vlka. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee \u010derven\u00fd vlk pat\u0159\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i mezi p\u0159edky LC, je to dobr\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad a m\u016f\u017ee vysv\u011btlovat tak\u00e9 fakt, pro\u010d LC z\u0159ejm\u011b nepat\u0159\u00ed mezi plemena, kter\u00e1 vykazuj\u00ed obecn\u011b tolik \u017e\u00e1dan\u00fd pln\u00fd z\u00e1kus p\u0159i v\u00fdcviku obran, jak ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku zmi\u0148ovala i Anke Boysen (https:\/\/www.ealc.info\/cs\/pracovni-pes\/<\/a>).<\/p>\n

P\u0159i v\u00fdcviku obran se od psa \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1, aby na pln\u00fd z\u00e1kus uchopil \u201eko\u0159ist\u201c (ruk\u00e1v, pe\u0161ka, apod.), tj. mezi sv\u00e9 stoli\u010dky a t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby a a\u017e za \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky. To ale nen\u00ed zp\u016fsob, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159i lovu vlk. Ten zachyt\u00e1v\u00e1 a strh\u00e1v\u00e1 ko\u0159ist p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tlamy, tj. pomoc\u00ed 4 \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1k\u016f, kter\u00e9 ko\u0159ist prokousnou. Postaven\u00ed a tvar \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1k\u016f, kombinovan\u00e9 se s\u00edlou \u010delisti, nedovol\u00ed ko\u0159isti, aby se z\u00a0takov\u00e9ho sev\u0159en\u00ed vytrhla. Ve chv\u00edli, kdy je ko\u0159ist na zemi, kusy masa, kter\u00e9 vlk polyk\u00e1, jsou vytrh\u00e1v\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch zub\u016f. Horn\u00ed P4 a M1 na spodn\u00ed \u010delisti na ka\u017ed\u00e9 stran\u011b jsou specializov\u00e1ny pro tuto pr\u00e1ci. Jsou to nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zuby psovit\u00fdch \u0161elem. Jsou velmi ostr\u00e9 a jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed uprost\u0159ed cel\u00e9 \u010delisti je pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b, kde m\u016f\u017ee \u010delist vyvinout nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed tlak. \u0158ez\u00e1ky, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 vp\u0159edu tlamy, se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ci, kterou vy\u017eaduje ohryz\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zbytk\u016f masa z\u00a0kost\u00ed, a jsou tak\u00e9 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159i vykusov\u00e1n\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9ho hmyzu z\u00a0ko\u017eichu nebo trn\u016f z\u00a0pacek. Ostatn\u00ed stoli\u010dky jsou ploch\u00e9 a vhodn\u00e9 pro m\u011bln\u011bn\u00ed rostlinn\u00e9 potravy. Vlci a kojoti si toti\u017e dopl\u0148uj\u00ed stravu i r\u016fzn\u00fdmi plody, tr\u00e1vou apod. Tuto potravu je t\u0159eba trochu p\u0159ed\u017ev\u00fdkat, aby za\u010dal tr\u00e1vic\u00ed proces.<\/p>\n

V\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 ukazuje, \u017ee i kdy\u017e existuj\u00ed specializovan\u00e9 zuby, jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0\u010delisti je d\u00e1no jejich funkc\u00ed. \u00da\u010dinn\u00e1 funkce vy\u017eaduje spr\u00e1vn\u011b tvarovanou lebku a spodn\u00ed \u010delist. Morda mus\u00ed b\u00fdt dostate\u010dn\u011b dlouh\u00e1 a \u0161irok\u00e1, aby se tam v\u0161echny zuby ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 pozici ve\u0161ly. S\u00edla \u010delisti tak nen\u00ed jen ot\u00e1zkou sval\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 tvaru lebky (1).<\/p>\n

U v\u011bt\u0161iny pracovn\u00edch plemen s\u00a0norm\u00e1ln\u00edm tvarem lebky z\u016fstala v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 struktura chrupu zachov\u00e1na, proto\u017ee je funk\u010dn\u011b nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b mezi typick\u00e9 vady, kter\u00e9 se objevuj\u00ed, pat\u0159\u00ed chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zuby a vady skusu, tj. vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho postaven\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkum divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch vlk\u016f prok\u00e1zal, \u017ee jednou z m\u00e1la zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vad byla nep\u0159\u00edtomnost posledn\u00ed stoli\u010dky, M3. \u00a0Zd\u00e1 se proto, \u017ee chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed M3 nen\u00ed pro funk\u010dnost chrupu z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e1 a nem\u011bla by b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1na za probl\u00e9m ani u ps\u016f (2).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zuby<\/strong> jsou vadou celkem \u010dastou i u LC, ale tato skute\u010dnost a jej\u00ed z\u00e1va\u017enost by m\u011bla b\u00fdt posuzov\u00e1na podle toho, kolik a jak\u00fdch zub\u016f chyb\u00ed. Nej\u010dast\u011bji chyb\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby (P1, P2 nebo P3), n\u011bkdy i n\u011bkter\u00e9 stoli\u010dky (M2, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i M3).<\/p>\n

Pokud chyb\u00ed P1, jeden z\u00a0nejmen\u0161\u00edch zub\u016f, je to men\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m ne\u017e, kdy\u017e chyb\u00ed P4 nebo M1, kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed mezi zuby nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (viz v\u00fd\u0161e). \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce zub\u016f chyb\u00ed, t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b je chrup funk\u010dn\u00ed. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zuby se \u010dasto objevuj\u00ed v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdch lini\u00edch, je rozhodn\u011b t\u0159eba se vyhnout spojov\u00e1n\u00ed stejn\u011b zat\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch jedinc\u016f. D\u011bdi\u010dnost t\u011bchto vad v\u0161ak nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e1 a nap\u0159. nep\u0159\u00edtomnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch t\u0159enov\u00fdch zub\u016f byla pops\u00e1na r\u016fzn\u00fdmi modely d\u011bdi\u010dnosti, n\u011bkdy i v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na plemeni. A tak nap\u0159. nep\u0159\u00edtomnost P2 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pops\u00e1na modelem recesivn\u00ed d\u011bdi\u010dnosti jednoho hlavn\u00edho genu, zat\u00edmco chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed P4 m\u00e1 mnohem komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed genetick\u00fd mechanismus (3).<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed aspekt, kter\u00e9mu je t\u0159eba u LC v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u011bnovat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pozornost, je typ skusu. Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed je skus n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd<\/strong>, horn\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky doln\u00ed \u010delisti nebo je mezi nimi mezera maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 1 mm a v\u0161echny t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby nebo stoli\u010dky \u00fapln\u011b dosedaj\u00ed. P\u0159ijatelnou variantou je i skus t\u011bsn\u00fd n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd<\/strong>, kdy se horn\u00ed i doln\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky dot\u00fdkaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nebo jsou doln\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky vych\u00fdleny v\u00a0pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 ose dop\u0159edu. Podle standardu je tak\u00e9 povolen\u00fd skus kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd<\/strong>. P\u0159i tomto typu skusu dosedaj\u00ed horn\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky p\u0159\u00edmo na \u0159ez\u00e1ky \u010delisti doln\u00ed, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje jejich rychlej\u0161\u00ed obru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed. To nen\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed, ale neovliv\u0148uje to v podstat\u011b funk\u010dnost chrupu a ob\u011b \u010delisti maj\u00ed stejnou d\u00e9lku. U n\u011bkter\u00fdch plemen, v\u010detn\u011b LC, se tento typ skusu pova\u017euje za norm\u00e1ln\u00ed, i kdy\u017e n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed auto\u0159i ho pova\u017euj\u00ed ji\u017e za m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd projev p\u0159edkusu. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b byl kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd typ skusu pozorov\u00e1n i u voln\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch vlk\u016f a m\u011bla ho ca t\u0159etina zkouman\u00fdch jedinc\u016f.\u00a0 Zd\u00e1 se proto, \u017ee to nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e1 vada, proto\u017ee takov\u00e1 strukturn\u00ed vada nen\u00ed u p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch druh\u016f do takov\u00e9 m\u00edry tolerov\u00e1na, zejm\u00e9na pokud na tom z\u00e1vis\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed dan\u00e9ho druhu.<\/p>\n

Mezi z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vady v\u0161ak pat\u0159\u00ed ty, kter\u00e9 jsou zp\u016fsobeny r\u016fznou d\u00e9lkou horn\u00ed a doln\u00ed \u010delisti. P\u0159edkus<\/strong> znamen\u00e1, \u017ee spodn\u00ed \u010delist je del\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e horn\u00ed a \u0159ada spodn\u00edch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f se nach\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159ed \u0159adou \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f horn\u00edch. Takov\u00e9 postaven\u00ed \u010delist\u00ed se vyskytuje norm\u00e1ln\u011b u n\u011bkter\u00fdch plemen, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed zkr\u00e1cenou lebku, jako jsou boxe\u0159i, anglick\u00fd buldog, shi-tzu, lhasa apso atd. Jinak se pova\u017euje sp\u00ed\u0161e za m\u00e9n\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159enou vadu u plemen s\u00a0norm\u00e1ln\u00edmi parametry lebky. Je to v\u0161ak vada jednozna\u010dn\u011b geneticky podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Podkus<\/strong> se vyzna\u010duje zkr\u00e1cen\u00edm spodn\u00ed \u010delisti a mezera mezi horn\u00edmi a doln\u00edmi \u0159ez\u00e1ky je \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 2 mm. Tato vada se podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch zdroj\u016f projevuje v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech u v\u0161ech plemen \u010dast\u011bji a na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159edkusu jsou za ni zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 i faktory vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9 dispozice. Podkus znamen\u00e1 oslaben\u00ed spodn\u00ed \u010delisti a ovliv\u0148uje funk\u010dnost chrupu v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u0159edkus. M\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt vada z\u00edskan\u00e1 tak\u00e9 b\u011bhem v\u00fdvoje chrupu a to i d\u00edky nevhodn\u00e9 strav\u011b v\u00a0dob\u011b r\u016fstu zub\u016f a \u010delist\u00ed.<\/p>\n

U LC se krom\u011b chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch zub\u016f objevuje \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l \u010dast\u011bji skus kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd a z\u00a0t\u011bch z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vad, p\u0159edkus. Nen\u00ed pochyb o tom, \u017ee tyto vady a abnormality jsou d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9. R\u016fst \u010delist\u00ed je nerovnom\u011brn\u00fd, ka\u017ed\u00e1 roste v\u00a0jinou dobu, faktory ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed velikost \u010delisti jsou nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 na t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 reguluj\u00ed velikost zub\u016f, a jejich d\u011bdi\u010dnost zahrnuje \u0159adu r\u016fzn\u00fdch gen\u016f. Je velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 vady z\u00a0chovu zcela eliminovat, proto\u017ee neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd samostatn\u00fd \u201e\u0161patn\u00fd\u201c gen, kter\u00fd by za to byl zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd. Roli hraje v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b i d\u00e9lka hlavy a nosu a je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 ne\u00fapln\u00e1 dominance krat\u0161\u00ed lebky. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b LC by proto nebylo vhodn\u00e9 kombinovat rodi\u010de s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 odli\u0161n\u00fdmi parametry lebky a mordy, proto\u017ee potom se \u010detnost t\u011bchto vad pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed. A to, \u017ee se jedinci tohoto plemene v\u00a0d\u00e9lce sv\u00e9ho nosu li\u0161\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e o t\u0159etinu d\u00e9lky, jsme prok\u00e1zali ji\u017e p\u0159ed \u010dasem p\u0159esn\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm.<\/p>\n

D\u011bdi\u010dnost a eliminace z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch vad chrupu je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1 i u plemen po\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e je LC. D\u00edky slo\u017eit\u00e9, polygenn\u00ed a \u010dasto recesivn\u00ed d\u011bdi\u010dnosti nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 u tak m\u00e1lopo\u010detn\u00e9ho plemene vy\u0159adit z\u00a0chovu v\u0161echny jedince, kte\u0159\u00ed n\u011bjakou z\u00a0m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch vad vykazuj\u00ed. Ti, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed vady z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, tj. prokazateln\u00fd p\u0159edkus nebo podkus a chyb\u00ed jim i nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zuby, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u011b ohro\u017euj\u00ed funk\u010dnost chrupu, by do chovu zasahovat opravdu nem\u011bli. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0t\u00e9to chv\u00edli nen\u00ed ani zcela jasn\u00e9, jak po\u010detn\u00e9 jsou i m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 vady v\u00a0cel\u00e9 populaci LC v\u00a0Evrop\u011b. V\u00a0zemi p\u016fvodu nejsou takov\u00e9 vady prakticky sledov\u00e1ny, neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 statistika a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b recesivn\u00ed d\u011bdi\u010dnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch abnormalit znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159ena\u0161e\u010d\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt populace pln\u00e1. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd v\u00fdskyt kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch skus\u016f v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech je proto varovn\u00fdm znamen\u00edm, proto\u017ee nen\u00ed zcela jasn\u00e9, kam povede spojov\u00e1n\u00ed jedinc\u016f s\u00a0t\u00edmto typem v\u00a0budoucnosti.<\/p>\n

K\u00a0tomu, aby bylo mo\u017eno zmapovat \u010detnost a z\u00e1va\u017enost vad chrupu u LC a vysledovat jejich z\u00e1konitosti a vztahy mezi posti\u017een\u00fdmi a jejich p\u0159edky, je t\u0159eba za\u010d\u00edt s\u00a0d\u016fkladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kontrolou odchov\u016f a to nejl\u00e9pe ve v\u011bku star\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e 1-2 roky, kdy jsou tyto odchylky zcela patrn\u00e9. Podle v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 tabulky je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee k\u00a0usazov\u00e1n\u00ed chrupu doch\u00e1z\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b dlouho, a i na\u0161e praktick\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jedinci, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0prvn\u00edm roce \u017eivota vykazovali je\u0161t\u011b n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd skus, ve dvou letech m\u011bli ji\u017e kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd. To je \u00fakol pro chovatelsk\u00e9 kluby i samotn\u00e9 chovatele, proto\u017ee tyto vady m\u016f\u017ee snadno zkontrolovat ka\u017ed\u00fd trochu zku\u0161en\u00fd majitel \u010di chovatel. P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nou statistiku \u010detnosti t\u011bchto vad by v\u0161ak m\u011bly sledovat a zve\u0159ej\u0148ovat chovatelsk\u00e9 kluby, proto\u017ee jen to m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout informace v\u0161em zodpov\u011bdn\u00fdm chovatel\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed to pro sv\u00e1 spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 chovatelsk\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Napsala RNDr. Helena Synkov\u00e1<\/em><\/p>\n

Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zdroje:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C.A. Sharp: So Bite Me: A Close Look at Canine Dentition, First printed in the Aussie Times, July-August 2002.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 P. Hell<\/a>: Gebi\u00dfanomalien des westkarpatischen Wolfes und ihre Bedeutung f\u00fcr die Hundezucht<\/a><\/p>\n

Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Jagdwissenschaft<\/a> 36\/4<\/a>: 266-269. 1990.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Axenovich, TI; Zorkoltseva, IV; Aulchenko, YS; et al :Inheritance of hypodontia in Kerry Blue Terrier dogs<\/a>. Russian Journal of Genetics 40\/5: 529-536, 2004.<\/p>\n

Problematice kvality chrupu nebylo u plemene Louisiana Catahoula (LC) v\u011bnov\u00e1no zat\u00edm moc pozornosti. Je tomu tak proto, \u017ee je to p\u016fvodem americk\u00e9 plemeno a \u017ee ani v\u00a0zemi p\u016fvodu se touto ot\u00e1zkou nikdo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nezab\u00fdv\u00e1. NALC standard platn\u00fd od r. 1977 (posledn\u00ed revize v\u00a0r. 1994) i nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed UKC standard (2008) \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee: \u201eSkus je siln\u00fd, n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd; kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd skus je p\u0159ijateln\u00fd. Vysoce \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed je kompletn\u00ed chrup, ale zlomen\u00e9 zuby se nepenalizuj\u00ed. Mezi v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 vady pat\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edkus nebo podkus, ale nen\u00ed to vada, kter\u00e1 jedince zcela diskvalifikuje.\u201c LC je pracovn\u00ed plemeno a v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fraz byl v\u017edy kladen na jeho pracovn\u00ed vlastnosti sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e na exteri\u00e9r a kvalitu chrupu. To je tak\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed, se kter\u00fdm si dne\u0161n\u00ed chov mus\u00ed poradit.<\/p>\n

Evropsk\u00e9 chovy a plemena, kter\u00e1 zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b p\u016fvodn\u00ed parametry lebky divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch \u0161elem, maj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159edeps\u00e1n kompletn\u00ed chrup a n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd skus a odchylky jsou tu sledov\u00e1ny a penalizov\u00e1ny mnohem v\u00edce. M\u00e1 to jist\u011b sv\u016fj dobr\u00fd d\u016fvod, kter\u00fdm je zejm\u00e9na funk\u010dnost \u00fapln\u00e9ho chrupu a ide\u00e1ln\u00edho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed zub\u016f. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b odchylky od ide\u00e1lu se vyskytuj\u00ed i u divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch \u0161elem a v\u00a0chovech r\u016fzn\u00fdch plemen ps\u016f nejsou dnes ji\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 vady v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9, i kdy\u017e nejsou \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dom\u00e1c\u00ed i divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed psovit\u00e9 \u0161elmy maj\u00ed m\u00edt v\u00a0dosp\u011blosti 42 zub\u016f. Ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdch zub\u016f je 28.<\/p>\n

Trval\u00fd chrup obsahuje \u0159ez\u00e1ky (Incisives<\/em> – I), \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky (Caninus<\/em> – C), t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby (Praemolares<\/em> – P) a stoli\u010dky (Molares<\/em> \u2013 M). Horn\u00ed a spodn\u00ed \u010delist se li\u0161\u00ed po\u010dtem stoli\u010dek. Vzorec trval\u00e9ho chrupu zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulka:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Horn\u00ed \u010delist<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M2,M1,P4,P3,P2,P1,C,I3,I2,I1-I1,I2,I3,C,P1,P2,P3,P4,M1,M2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Spodn\u00ed \u010delist<\/strong><\/td>\nM3,M2,M1,P4,P3,P2,P1,C,I3,I2,I1-I1,I2,I3,C,P1,P2,P3,P4,M1,M2,M3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

V\u00fdvoj chrupu a usazen\u00ed v\u0161ech zub\u016f trv\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b dlouho, to shrnuje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulka:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
V\u011bk<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nMl\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 zuby – 28<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nTrval\u00e9 zuby – 42<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n\u010celist horn\u00ed a doln\u00ed<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3-6 t\u00fddn\u016f<\/td>\nPro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4-6 t\u00fddn\u016f<\/td>\nPro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se \u0159ez\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6 t\u00fddn\u016f<\/td>\nPro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.-4. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\nZa\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bna ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdch zub\u016f<\/td>\nRostou kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 \u0159ez\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.-5. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nRostou st\u0159edov\u00e9 a krajov\u00e9 \u0159ez\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.-6. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nRostou \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.-5. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nRostou zuby t\u0159enov\u00e9 a pro\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed se stoli\u010dky<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\nDor\u016fstaj\u00ed stoli\u010dky, m\u011bl by b\u00fdt ji\u017e uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n cel\u00fd dosp\u011bl\u00fd chrup<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.-11. m\u011bs\u00edc<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\nDo t\u00e9to chv\u00edle rostou ob\u011b \u010delisti nez\u00e1visle na sob\u011b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.-2. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed doln\u00edch kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.-3. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed doln\u00edch st\u0159edov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.-4. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed horn\u00edch kle\u0161t\u2019ov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. rok<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUsazen\u00ed horn\u00edch st\u0159edov\u00fdch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Pro pochopen\u00ed z\u00e1va\u017enosti r\u016fzn\u00fdch vad je dobr\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt, co je vlastn\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u011b a pro\u010d<\/strong>. To bude asi nejl\u00e9pe vysv\u011btlit na p\u0159\u00edkladu vlka. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee \u010derven\u00fd vlk pat\u0159\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i mezi p\u0159edky LC, je to dobr\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad a m\u016f\u017ee vysv\u011btlovat tak\u00e9 fakt, pro\u010d LC z\u0159ejm\u011b nepat\u0159\u00ed mezi plemena, kter\u00e1 vykazuj\u00ed obecn\u011b tolik \u017e\u00e1dan\u00fd pln\u00fd z\u00e1kus p\u0159i v\u00fdcviku obran, jak ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku zmi\u0148ovala i Anke Boysen (https:\/\/www.ealc.info\/cs\/pracovni-pes\/<\/a>).<\/p>\n

P\u0159i v\u00fdcviku obran se od psa \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1, aby na pln\u00fd z\u00e1kus uchopil \u201eko\u0159ist\u201c (ruk\u00e1v, pe\u0161ka, apod.), tj. mezi sv\u00e9 stoli\u010dky a t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby a a\u017e za \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky. To ale nen\u00ed zp\u016fsob, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159i lovu vlk. Ten zachyt\u00e1v\u00e1 a strh\u00e1v\u00e1 ko\u0159ist p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tlamy, tj. pomoc\u00ed 4 \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1k\u016f, kter\u00e9 ko\u0159ist prokousnou. Postaven\u00ed a tvar \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1k\u016f, kombinovan\u00e9 se s\u00edlou \u010delisti, nedovol\u00ed ko\u0159isti, aby se z\u00a0takov\u00e9ho sev\u0159en\u00ed vytrhla. Ve chv\u00edli, kdy je ko\u0159ist na zemi, kusy masa, kter\u00e9 vlk polyk\u00e1, jsou vytrh\u00e1v\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch zub\u016f. Horn\u00ed P4 a M1 na spodn\u00ed \u010delisti na ka\u017ed\u00e9 stran\u011b jsou specializov\u00e1ny pro tuto pr\u00e1ci. Jsou to nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zuby psovit\u00fdch \u0161elem. Jsou velmi ostr\u00e9 a jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed uprost\u0159ed cel\u00e9 \u010delisti je pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b, kde m\u016f\u017ee \u010delist vyvinout nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed tlak. \u0158ez\u00e1ky, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 vp\u0159edu tlamy, se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ci, kterou vy\u017eaduje ohryz\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zbytk\u016f masa z\u00a0kost\u00ed, a jsou tak\u00e9 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159i vykusov\u00e1n\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9ho hmyzu z\u00a0ko\u017eichu nebo trn\u016f z\u00a0pacek. Ostatn\u00ed stoli\u010dky jsou ploch\u00e9 a vhodn\u00e9 pro m\u011bln\u011bn\u00ed rostlinn\u00e9 potravy. Vlci a kojoti si toti\u017e dopl\u0148uj\u00ed stravu i r\u016fzn\u00fdmi plody, tr\u00e1vou apod. Tuto potravu je t\u0159eba trochu p\u0159ed\u017ev\u00fdkat, aby za\u010dal tr\u00e1vic\u00ed proces.<\/p>\n

V\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 ukazuje, \u017ee i kdy\u017e existuj\u00ed specializovan\u00e9 zuby, jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0\u010delisti je d\u00e1no jejich funkc\u00ed. \u00da\u010dinn\u00e1 funkce vy\u017eaduje spr\u00e1vn\u011b tvarovanou lebku a spodn\u00ed \u010delist. Morda mus\u00ed b\u00fdt dostate\u010dn\u011b dlouh\u00e1 a \u0161irok\u00e1, aby se tam v\u0161echny zuby ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 pozici ve\u0161ly. S\u00edla \u010delisti tak nen\u00ed jen ot\u00e1zkou sval\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 tvaru lebky (1).<\/p>\n

U v\u011bt\u0161iny pracovn\u00edch plemen s\u00a0norm\u00e1ln\u00edm tvarem lebky z\u016fstala v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 struktura chrupu zachov\u00e1na, proto\u017ee je funk\u010dn\u011b nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b mezi typick\u00e9 vady, kter\u00e9 se objevuj\u00ed, pat\u0159\u00ed chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zuby a vady skusu, tj. vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho postaven\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkum divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch vlk\u016f prok\u00e1zal, \u017ee jednou z m\u00e1la zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vad byla nep\u0159\u00edtomnost posledn\u00ed stoli\u010dky, M3. \u00a0Zd\u00e1 se proto, \u017ee chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed M3 nen\u00ed pro funk\u010dnost chrupu z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e1 a nem\u011bla by b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1na za probl\u00e9m ani u ps\u016f (2).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zuby<\/strong> jsou vadou celkem \u010dastou i u LC, ale tato skute\u010dnost a jej\u00ed z\u00e1va\u017enost by m\u011bla b\u00fdt posuzov\u00e1na podle toho, kolik a jak\u00fdch zub\u016f chyb\u00ed. Nej\u010dast\u011bji chyb\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby (P1, P2 nebo P3), n\u011bkdy i n\u011bkter\u00e9 stoli\u010dky (M2, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i M3).<\/p>\n

Pokud chyb\u00ed P1, jeden z\u00a0nejmen\u0161\u00edch zub\u016f, je to men\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m ne\u017e, kdy\u017e chyb\u00ed P4 nebo M1, kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed mezi zuby nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (viz v\u00fd\u0161e). \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce zub\u016f chyb\u00ed, t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b je chrup funk\u010dn\u00ed. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zuby se \u010dasto objevuj\u00ed v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdch lini\u00edch, je rozhodn\u011b t\u0159eba se vyhnout spojov\u00e1n\u00ed stejn\u011b zat\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch jedinc\u016f. D\u011bdi\u010dnost t\u011bchto vad v\u0161ak nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e1 a nap\u0159. nep\u0159\u00edtomnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch t\u0159enov\u00fdch zub\u016f byla pops\u00e1na r\u016fzn\u00fdmi modely d\u011bdi\u010dnosti, n\u011bkdy i v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na plemeni. A tak nap\u0159. nep\u0159\u00edtomnost P2 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pops\u00e1na modelem recesivn\u00ed d\u011bdi\u010dnosti jednoho hlavn\u00edho genu, zat\u00edmco chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed P4 m\u00e1 mnohem komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed genetick\u00fd mechanismus (3).<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed aspekt, kter\u00e9mu je t\u0159eba u LC v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u011bnovat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pozornost, je typ skusu. Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed je skus n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd<\/strong>, horn\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky doln\u00ed \u010delisti nebo je mezi nimi mezera maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 1 mm a v\u0161echny t\u0159enov\u00e9 zuby nebo stoli\u010dky \u00fapln\u011b dosedaj\u00ed. P\u0159ijatelnou variantou je i skus t\u011bsn\u00fd n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd<\/strong>, kdy se horn\u00ed i doln\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky dot\u00fdkaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nebo jsou doln\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky vych\u00fdleny v\u00a0pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 ose dop\u0159edu. Podle standardu je tak\u00e9 povolen\u00fd skus kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd<\/strong>. P\u0159i tomto typu skusu dosedaj\u00ed horn\u00ed \u0159ez\u00e1ky p\u0159\u00edmo na \u0159ez\u00e1ky \u010delisti doln\u00ed, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje jejich rychlej\u0161\u00ed obru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed. To nen\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed, ale neovliv\u0148uje to v podstat\u011b funk\u010dnost chrupu a ob\u011b \u010delisti maj\u00ed stejnou d\u00e9lku. U n\u011bkter\u00fdch plemen, v\u010detn\u011b LC, se tento typ skusu pova\u017euje za norm\u00e1ln\u00ed, i kdy\u017e n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed auto\u0159i ho pova\u017euj\u00ed ji\u017e za m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd projev p\u0159edkusu. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b byl kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd typ skusu pozorov\u00e1n i u voln\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch vlk\u016f a m\u011bla ho ca t\u0159etina zkouman\u00fdch jedinc\u016f.\u00a0 Zd\u00e1 se proto, \u017ee to nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e1 vada, proto\u017ee takov\u00e1 strukturn\u00ed vada nen\u00ed u p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch druh\u016f do takov\u00e9 m\u00edry tolerov\u00e1na, zejm\u00e9na pokud na tom z\u00e1vis\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed dan\u00e9ho druhu.<\/p>\n

Mezi z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vady v\u0161ak pat\u0159\u00ed ty, kter\u00e9 jsou zp\u016fsobeny r\u016fznou d\u00e9lkou horn\u00ed a doln\u00ed \u010delisti. P\u0159edkus<\/strong> znamen\u00e1, \u017ee spodn\u00ed \u010delist je del\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e horn\u00ed a \u0159ada spodn\u00edch \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f se nach\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159ed \u0159adou \u0159ez\u00e1k\u016f horn\u00edch. Takov\u00e9 postaven\u00ed \u010delist\u00ed se vyskytuje norm\u00e1ln\u011b u n\u011bkter\u00fdch plemen, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed zkr\u00e1cenou lebku, jako jsou boxe\u0159i, anglick\u00fd buldog, shi-tzu, lhasa apso atd. Jinak se pova\u017euje sp\u00ed\u0161e za m\u00e9n\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159enou vadu u plemen s\u00a0norm\u00e1ln\u00edmi parametry lebky. Je to v\u0161ak vada jednozna\u010dn\u011b geneticky podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Podkus<\/strong> se vyzna\u010duje zkr\u00e1cen\u00edm spodn\u00ed \u010delisti a mezera mezi horn\u00edmi a doln\u00edmi \u0159ez\u00e1ky je \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 2 mm. Tato vada se podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch zdroj\u016f projevuje v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech u v\u0161ech plemen \u010dast\u011bji a na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159edkusu jsou za ni zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 i faktory vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9 dispozice. Podkus znamen\u00e1 oslaben\u00ed spodn\u00ed \u010delisti a ovliv\u0148uje funk\u010dnost chrupu v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u0159edkus. M\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt vada z\u00edskan\u00e1 tak\u00e9 b\u011bhem v\u00fdvoje chrupu a to i d\u00edky nevhodn\u00e9 strav\u011b v\u00a0dob\u011b r\u016fstu zub\u016f a \u010delist\u00ed.<\/p>\n

U LC se krom\u011b chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch zub\u016f objevuje \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l \u010dast\u011bji skus kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd a z\u00a0t\u011bch z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vad, p\u0159edkus. Nen\u00ed pochyb o tom, \u017ee tyto vady a abnormality jsou d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9. R\u016fst \u010delist\u00ed je nerovnom\u011brn\u00fd, ka\u017ed\u00e1 roste v\u00a0jinou dobu, faktory ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed velikost \u010delisti jsou nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 na t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 reguluj\u00ed velikost zub\u016f, a jejich d\u011bdi\u010dnost zahrnuje \u0159adu r\u016fzn\u00fdch gen\u016f. Je velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 vady z\u00a0chovu zcela eliminovat, proto\u017ee neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd samostatn\u00fd \u201e\u0161patn\u00fd\u201c gen, kter\u00fd by za to byl zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd. Roli hraje v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b i d\u00e9lka hlavy a nosu a je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 ne\u00fapln\u00e1 dominance krat\u0161\u00ed lebky. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b LC by proto nebylo vhodn\u00e9 kombinovat rodi\u010de s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 odli\u0161n\u00fdmi parametry lebky a mordy, proto\u017ee potom se \u010detnost t\u011bchto vad pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed. A to, \u017ee se jedinci tohoto plemene v\u00a0d\u00e9lce sv\u00e9ho nosu li\u0161\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e o t\u0159etinu d\u00e9lky, jsme prok\u00e1zali ji\u017e p\u0159ed \u010dasem p\u0159esn\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm.<\/p>\n

D\u011bdi\u010dnost a eliminace z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch vad chrupu je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1 i u plemen po\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e je LC. D\u00edky slo\u017eit\u00e9, polygenn\u00ed a \u010dasto recesivn\u00ed d\u011bdi\u010dnosti nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 u tak m\u00e1lopo\u010detn\u00e9ho plemene vy\u0159adit z\u00a0chovu v\u0161echny jedince, kte\u0159\u00ed n\u011bjakou z\u00a0m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch vad vykazuj\u00ed. Ti, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed vady z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, tj. prokazateln\u00fd p\u0159edkus nebo podkus a chyb\u00ed jim i nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zuby, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u011b ohro\u017euj\u00ed funk\u010dnost chrupu, by do chovu zasahovat opravdu nem\u011bli. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0t\u00e9to chv\u00edli nen\u00ed ani zcela jasn\u00e9, jak po\u010detn\u00e9 jsou i m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 vady v\u00a0cel\u00e9 populaci LC v\u00a0Evrop\u011b. V\u00a0zemi p\u016fvodu nejsou takov\u00e9 vady prakticky sledov\u00e1ny, neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 statistika a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b recesivn\u00ed d\u011bdi\u010dnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch abnormalit znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159ena\u0161e\u010d\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt populace pln\u00e1. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd v\u00fdskyt kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch skus\u016f v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech je proto varovn\u00fdm znamen\u00edm, proto\u017ee nen\u00ed zcela jasn\u00e9, kam povede spojov\u00e1n\u00ed jedinc\u016f s\u00a0t\u00edmto typem v\u00a0budoucnosti.<\/p>\n

K\u00a0tomu, aby bylo mo\u017eno zmapovat \u010detnost a z\u00e1va\u017enost vad chrupu u LC a vysledovat jejich z\u00e1konitosti a vztahy mezi posti\u017een\u00fdmi a jejich p\u0159edky, je t\u0159eba za\u010d\u00edt s\u00a0d\u016fkladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kontrolou odchov\u016f a to nejl\u00e9pe ve v\u011bku star\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e 1-2 roky, kdy jsou tyto odchylky zcela patrn\u00e9. Podle v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 tabulky je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee k\u00a0usazov\u00e1n\u00ed chrupu doch\u00e1z\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b dlouho, a i na\u0161e praktick\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jedinci, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0prvn\u00edm roce \u017eivota vykazovali je\u0161t\u011b n\u016f\u017ekov\u00fd skus, ve dvou letech m\u011bli ji\u017e kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd. To je \u00fakol pro chovatelsk\u00e9 kluby i samotn\u00e9 chovatele, proto\u017ee tyto vady m\u016f\u017ee snadno zkontrolovat ka\u017ed\u00fd trochu zku\u0161en\u00fd majitel \u010di chovatel. P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nou statistiku \u010detnosti t\u011bchto vad by v\u0161ak m\u011bly sledovat a zve\u0159ej\u0148ovat chovatelsk\u00e9 kluby, proto\u017ee jen to m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout informace v\u0161em zodpov\u011bdn\u00fdm chovatel\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed to pro sv\u00e1 spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 chovatelsk\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Napsala RNDr. Helena Synkov\u00e1<\/em><\/p>\n

Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zdroje:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C.A. Sharp: So Bite Me: A Close Look at Canine Dentition, First printed in the Aussie Times, July-August 2002.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 P. Hell<\/a>: Gebi\u00dfanomalien des westkarpatischen Wolfes und ihre Bedeutung f\u00fcr die Hundezucht<\/a><\/p>\n

Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Jagdwissenschaft<\/a> 36\/4<\/a>: 266-269. 1990.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Axenovich, TI; Zorkoltseva, IV; Aulchenko, YS; et al :Inheritance of hypodontia in Kerry Blue Terrier dogs<\/a>. Russian Journal of Genetics 40\/5: 529-536, 2004.<\/p>\n

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Leider ist der Eintrag nur auf Angli\u010dtina (Usa) verf\u00fcgbar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ealc.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1138"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ealc.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ealc.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ealc.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ealc.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1138"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.ealc.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1138\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4128,"href":"https:\/\/www.ealc.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1138\/revisions\/4128"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ealc.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1138"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ealc.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1138"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ealc.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1138"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}